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Satzstellung


learning target


Aim of this topic is to explain how to arrange the different parts of a sentence in the correct order.

I must admit it took quite a long time to handle this topic and find some convenient rules.
If you read the articles from Heiko Häselbarth or Canoo you might think word order in German requires an own scientific research area.
To make it understandable I had to simplify it and concentrate on the most important elements.
So I'll give you a "strict" word order you should use for the first time.
You can change this when you have got a feeling for the language to emphasise a certain part of the sentence.


rules



At first we have to separate all sentences into two groups:

  • statements
  • questions


examples:


At second we have to distinguish between:

  • main clauses*
  • subordinate clauses

* clause is just another word for "sentence"


examples:


Finally we must separate between sentences of typ 1 and 2:

typ 1: sentences which have only a main verb

  • sentences in the "Präsens" tense
  • sentences in the "Präteritum" tense

typ 2: sentences which consists of main verb and "helping verb" / modal verb

  • sentences in the "Perfekt" tense
  • sentences in the "Futur" tense
  • modal verb sentences


You'll find a lot of sentence examples now.
To make it less complicate I made several examples where you find the most important elements of sentences.
The following overview should help you to navigate to the different examples.


statements questions statements_main-clauses statements_sub-clauses questions_main-clauses questions_sub-clauses statements_main-clauses_typ1 statements_main-clauses_typ2 statements_sub-clauses_typ1 statements_sub-clauses_typ2 statements_main-clauses_typ1 statements_main-clauses_typ2 statements_sub-clauses_typ1 statements_sub-clauses_typ2 statements_main-clauses_typ1_A statements_main-clauses_typ1_B statements_main-clauses_typ1_C statements_main-clauses_typ2_A statements_main-clauses_typ2_B statements_main-clauses_typ2_C statements_sub-clauses_typ1_A statements_sub-clauses_typ1_B statements_sub-clauses_typ1_C statements_sub-clauses_typ2_A statements_sub-clauses_typ2_B statements_sub-clauses_typ2_C questions_main-clauses_typ1_A questions_main-clauses_typ1_B questions_main-clauses_typ1_C questions_main-clauses_typ2_A questions_main-clauses_typ2_B questions_main-clauses_typ2_C questions_sub-clauses_typ1_A questions_sub-clauses_typ1_B questions_sub-clauses_typ1_C questions_sub-clauses_typ2_A questions_sub-clauses_typ2_B questions_sub-clauses_typ2_C


statements

statements - main clauses

Typ 1


A: Position of subject, main verb, time, manner and place


I'd like to build up the sentence with the different elements step by step.

Step 1: The simplest form of a sentence consists just of subject and main verb.

examples:


Step 2:Next, we add a time expression.

examples:


Step 3: At next we add the manner expression - that means how we do something.

examples:


Step 4: Finally we add the place.

examples:


problem: separable verbs

If you carefully checked the examples above you noticed that I didn't use any main verb prefix
although you find it in the general explaination. You need this only if the main verb is a separable verb.
In this case the prefix goes at the very end of the sentence.

I substitude the simple verb fahren (drive) by the seperable verb wegfahren (drive away) to make it clear.

examples:


B: Position of subject, main verb, direct object and indirect object


examples:

I don't want to make it too complicated, but I have to add that the position
of the direct and the indirect objects change if the direct object is a pronoun.

examples:


C: Position of subject, main verb, object, adjective and adverb


I don't distinguish between direct and indirect object because you can apply the same rules to both:
The adjective precedes the subject / object it belongs to and the adverb precedes the adjective it belongs to.


examples:



Typ 2


A: Position of subject, main verb, "helping verb" / modal verb, time, manner and place


I left out the steps 1 to 3 because they follow the same pattern shown above.

examples:


B: Position of subject, main verb, "helping verb" / modal verb, direct object and indirect object


examples:


When the direct object is a pronoun it precedes the indirect object (see explanation typ 1).

examples:


C: Position of subject, main verb, "helping verb" / modal verb, object, adjective and adverb


I don't distinguish between direct and indirect object because for both you can apply the same rules:
The adjective precedes the subject / object it belongs to and the adverb precedes the adjective it belongs to.


examples:


statements - subordinate clauses

Typ 1


A: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, time, manner and place


dependent clauses

Dependent clauses start with a subordinate conjunction (dass, ob, als, weil, bevor,...).
The subordinate conjunction is the first element of the subordinate sentence.
The main verb goes to the very end of the sentence.
The other elements remain in their position.

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

Relative pronoun clauses start with a relative pronoun (der, die, das, welche, den,...).
The relative pronoun is the first element of the subordinate sentence.
The main verb goes at the very end of the sentence.
The other elements remain at their position.

 

examples:


B: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, direct object and indirect object


dependent clauses

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

 

examples:


C: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, object, adjective and adverb


dependent clauses

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

 

examples:



Typ 2


A: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, "helping verb" / modal verb, time, manner and place



dependent clauses

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

 

examples:


B: Position of subject, main verb, "helping verb" / modal verb, direct object and indirect object


dependent clauses

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

 

examples:


C: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, "helping verb" / modal verb, object, adjective and adverb


dependent clauses

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

 

examples:



questions

questions - main clauses


Typ 1


A: Position of question word, subject, main verb, time, manner and place


questions with a question word (ask for a specific piece of information)

examples:


questions without a question word (ask for yes or no as an answer)

examples:


B: Position of question word, subject, main verb, direct object and indirect object


questions with a question word (ask for a specific piece of information)

examples:


questions without a question word (ask for yes or no as an answer)

examples:


C: Position of question word, of subject, main verb, object, adjective and adverb


questions with question word (ask for a specific piece of information)

examples:


questions without question word (ask for yes or no ans an answer)

examples:



Typ 2


A: Position of question word, "helping verb" / modal verb, subject, main verb, time, manner and place


questions with question word (ask for a specific piece of information)

examples:


questions without question word (ask for yes or no answer)

examples:


B: Position of question word, "helping verb" / modal verb, subject, main verb, direct object and indirect object


questions with question word (ask for a specific piece of information)

examples:


questions without question word (ask for yes or no answer)

examples:


C: Position of question word, "helping verb" / modal verb, of subject, main verb, object, adjective and adverb


questions with question word (ask for a specific piece of information)

examples:


questions without question word (ask for yes or no answer)

examples:


questions - subordinate clauses


Typ 1


A: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, time, manner and place


dependent clauses

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

 

examples:


B: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, direct object and indirect object


dependent clauses

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

 

examples:


C: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, object, adjective and adverb


dependent clauses

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

 

examples:



Typ 2


A: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, "helping verb" / modal verb, time, manner and place



dependent clauses

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

 

examples:


B: Position of subject, main verb, "helping verb" / modal verb, direct object and indirect object


dependent clauses

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

 

examples:


C: Position of subject, subordinate conjunction / relative pronoun, main verb, "helping verb" / modal verb, object, adjective and adverb


dependent clauses

 

examples:


relative pronoun clauses

 

examples:


summary

statements

 

typ 1 (Präsens, Präteritum)

 

typ 2 (Perfekt, Future, Modal)

main clauses

subject

main verb

other elements

(main verb prefix)

subject

"helping verb"

other elements

main verb

 

subordinate clauses

subject

 

other elements

main verb

subject

 

other elements

main verb

"helping verb"


questions

 

typ 1 (Präsens, Präteritum)

 

typ 2 (Perfekt, Future, Modal)

main clauses

main verb

subject

other elements

(main verb prefix)

"helping verb"

subject

other elements

main verb

 

subordinate clauses

subject

 

other elements

main verb

subject

 

other elements

main verb

"helping verb"


The table gives some interesting insights in the complicate topic word order:

1.) Subordinate clauses don't differ in statements and questions.


2.) In main clauses - typ 1 the main verb is usually at the second position.
In subordinate clauses it goes to the end and in question to the top position.


3.) In typ 2-sentences the "helping verb" behaves like the main verb (see point 2).
The main verb becomes just to a second "other element" which follows the "normal" other elements.




Finally, I want to discuss some other "constructions" which can occour and don't fit into the scheme above:

imperative clauses

Imperative clauses are like a third group of sentences besides "statements" and "questions".

Fortunately, they are quite easy to handle because they are just used in the present tense in main clauses.

imperative for "du" and "ihr"

Consider that there is no subject in this imperative form.

examples :

I simplified the examples here. The object stands for all possible elements (adjectives, adverbs, time, manner, place ...).


imperative for "Sie"

examples :



infinitive with to

Infinitive + to -structures can be considered as a kind of subordinate clause.
They are attached to main clauses.

"Infinitive + to" -structures with "normal" verbs

The "infinitive + to" -structure with "normal" verbs is just added to the main sentence:


example:


"Infinitive + to" -structures with separable verbs

In "Infinitive + to" -structures with separable verbs the "zu" goes between the prefix and the stem:


example:



negation

For the position of "nicht" or "kein" in negative statements / questions please check the topic Negation.



 

exercises


Satzstellung 1

 

tom homework

 

Lösung

 

Satzstellung 2

 

tom homework

 

Lösung

 

Satzstellung 3

 

tom homework

 

Lösung

 

Satzstellung 4

 

tom homework

 

Lösung

 


summary - documents for your folder


Satzstellung (theory, 28 pages)