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learning target |
Aim of this section is to learn the correct use of Partizip I and Partizip II.
German | English |
Er ist ein gestresster Mann. | He is a stressed man. |
rules |
Partizip I
What is Partizip I (present participle) ?
Partizip I are modified verbs which turn into adjectives.
Once they got modified they "work" like normal adjectives and take adjectives endings as well.
Partizip I has a similar meaning to the ing-form of English verbs - the present participle.
German | English | ||
verb | Partizip I | verb | present participle |
laufen | laufend | to run | running |
kommen | kommend | to come | coming |
weinen | weinend | to cry | crying |
schlafen | schlafend | to sleep | sleeping |
spielen | spielend | to play | playing |
Since they "work" like normal adjectives they go in front of the noun.
examples:
How do you form Partizip I?
You form the Partizip I in every tense with: |
example:
- warten = Infinitiv form of the verb warten
- d = "ending" to form the Partizip I
- en = adjective ending
exceptions:
There are two exceptions:
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When do you use Partizip I?
Partizip I is used:
...whereby it doesn't matter if the action takes place in the past, presense or future. |
example 1:
You could transform the Partizip I into a relativ sentence with active character: Wir brauchen Wasser, das fließt.
The water is doing something. It runs.
example 2:
You could transform the Partizip I into a relativ sentence with active character: Ich beobachte sie mit einem Interesse, das wächst.
The interest is doing something. It grows.
example 3:
You could transform the Partizip I into a relativ sentence with active character: Sie sucht nach einem Kleid, das passt.
The dress is doing something. It fits.
Time neutrality of Partizip I
As the word already implied is the Partizip I time neutral and is formed in every tense in the same way.
The action, which the Partizip I descibes, takes place at the same time as the "main-action" (=real verb of the sentence).
examples:
Partizip II
What is Partizip II (past participle) used for?
We learned already one purpose of Partizip II when we spoke about the tense Perfekt.
Partizip II has a second purpose, though. It can used as an adjective similar to Partizip I.
If Partizip II is used as an adjective it takes adjectives endings like normal adjectives.
Partizip II has a similar meaning to the ed-form of (regular) English verbs - the past participle.
German | English | ||
verb | Partizip II | verb | past participle |
kochen | gekocht | to cook | cooked |
zerstören | zerstört | to destroy | destroyed |
machen | gemacht | to make | made |
schreiben | geschrieben | to write | written |
stressen | gestresst | to stress | stressed |
examples:
How do you form Partizip II?
We spoke already detailed about Partizip II in the topic Perfekt.
There are different ways how to form Partizip II depending whether it's a weak, strong or mixed verb.
I'll give you a short summary here. For a detailed summary check summary - Präterium and Partizip II.
weak verbs | strong verbs | mixed verbs |
"ge" + stem + "t" | "ge" + stem (with irregular change) + "en" | "ge" + stem (with irregular change) + "t" |
When do you use Partizip II?
Partizip II is used:
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To understand the meaning of passive constructions check: Passiv.
example 1:
The Partizip II has passive character. The chicken itself is doing nothing. It's being done. It's being fried.
You can transform the Partizip II into a relative sentence with passive character:
Das Hühnchen, das von mir gebraten wird. (The chicken what is being fried by me.)
example 2:
The Partizip II shows the result of an action in the past. Someboby put a trap and the rabbit got cought.
You can transform the Partizip II into a relative sentence with passive character:
Der Hase, der gefangen wurde. (The rabbit that was cought.)
example 3:
The Partizip II has passive character. The child didn't do anything. It was being done. It got spoiled.
You can transform the Partizip II into a relative sentence with passive character:
Das Kind, das verwöhnt wurde. (The child who was spoiled.)
A final overview should help you to understand the difference of Partizip I and Partizip II.
Partizip I | Partizip II | ||
German | English | German | English |
das kochende Wasser | the cooking water | das gekochte Wasser | the cooked water |
der strebende Soldat | the dying soldier | der gestorbene Soldat | the soldier who died |
der fallende Stein | the falling stone | der gefallene Stein | the fallen stone |
das sinkende Schiff | the sinking ship | das gesunkene Schiff | the ship which sunk |
exercises |
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summary - documents for your folder |
![]() | Partizipien als Adjektive (theory, 5 pages) | ||